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Relationship between Trading Volume and Security Prices and Returns

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market bull

market bull
Assistant Vice President - Equity Analytics
Assistant Vice President - Equity Analytics

please refer following link for the relationship between Trading volume and security prices and returns.

http://sensorweb.lids.mit.edu/group/waltsun/docs/AreaExamTR2638.pdf

Listed down the contents of the report for information.


Contents
List of Tables iii
1 Introduction and Motivation 1
1.1 Gazing into the Crystal Ball - Predicting Price Movements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1.1 Martingales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1.2 Trading Volume . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.1.3 Interpretation of Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.2 Initial Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.2.1 Volume’s Effect on Variability of Returns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.2.2 Volume’s Predictive Nature for Price Changes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.3 Document Outline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2 Overview of Portfolio Theory 6
2.1 Capital Asset Pricing Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2.1.1 Why Everyone Holds the Market Portfolio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2.1.2 Beta of a Security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.1.3 Two-fund separation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.2 Arbitrage Pricing Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.2.1 Using APT to Justify Diversification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
2.2.2 Multi-factor Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
2.3 Efficient Frontier and Markowitz’s Portfolio Selection Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
2.4 Short Selling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
2.5 Lemons Principle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
3 The Volume-Price Relationship 11
3.1 Volume is Positively Correlated with Absolute Price Changes . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
3.2 Probabilistic Model for Trading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
3.2.1 Consensus on Interpretation of Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
3.2.2 General Case of Information Interpretation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
3.3 Volume is Heavy in Bull Markets, Light in Bear Markets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
4 Serial Correlation of Returns with Abnormal Volume 18
4.1 Price Movements on Private Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
4.2 Mean Reversion from Non-Informational Trading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
4.2.1 Reasons for Non-Informational Trading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
4.2.2 Risk-Averse Investors as Market Makers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
4.2.3 Analysis and Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
4.2.4 Theoretical Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
4.2.5 Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
5 Inferring the Hedging Portfolio from Prices and Volume 24
5.1 Definitions and the Economy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
5.2 Two-factor Turnover Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
5.3 Empirical Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
5.3.1 Estimating the Hedging Portfolio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
5.3.2 Forecasting Market Returns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
5.3.3 Comments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
ii CONTENTS
6 An Analysis of Current Data 30
6.1 Testing the Hypotheses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
6.2 Dataset Used . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
6.3 Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
6.4 Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
7 Conclusions 34
A Statistics Review and Overview 35
A.1 Transforms of Random Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
A.1.1 Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
A.1.2 Convolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
A.1.3 Moment-Generating Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
A.2 Hypothesis Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
A.2.1 Central Limit Theorem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
A.2.2 p-Value . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
A.2.3 Law of Large Numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
A.3 t-Statistics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
A.4 Chi-square Tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
A.5 F-tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
A.6 Linear Regressions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
A.6.1 First-Order Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
A.6.2 R2 - The Coefficient of Determination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
A.6.3 Higher-Order Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
A.6.4 F-Test to Determine Significance in Regressions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
B Miscellaneous Details 41
B.1 Hedging Portfolio Forecasts Market Returns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
B.2 Details of Ying’s Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
B.3 Source Code - MixedTraders.m . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42

market bull

market bull
Assistant Vice President - Equity Analytics
Assistant Vice President - Equity Analytics

please refer following link for the relationship between Trading volume and security prices and returns.

http://sensorweb.lids.mit.edu/group/waltsun/docs/AreaExamTR2638.pdf

Listed down the contents of the report for information.


Contents
List of Tables iii
1 Introduction and Motivation 1
1.1 Gazing into the Crystal Ball - Predicting Price Movements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1.1 Martingales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1.2 Trading Volume . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.1.3 Interpretation of Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.2 Initial Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.2.1 Volume’s Effect on Variability of Returns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.2.2 Volume’s Predictive Nature for Price Changes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.3 Document Outline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2 Overview of Portfolio Theory 6
2.1 Capital Asset Pricing Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2.1.1 Why Everyone Holds the Market Portfolio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2.1.2 Beta of a Security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.1.3 Two-fund separation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.2 Arbitrage Pricing Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.2.1 Using APT to Justify Diversification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
2.2.2 Multi-factor Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
2.3 Efficient Frontier and Markowitz’s Portfolio Selection Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
2.4 Short Selling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
2.5 Lemons Principle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
3 The Volume-Price Relationship 11
3.1 Volume is Positively Correlated with Absolute Price Changes . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
3.2 Probabilistic Model for Trading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
3.2.1 Consensus on Interpretation of Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
3.2.2 General Case of Information Interpretation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
3.3 Volume is Heavy in Bull Markets, Light in Bear Markets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
4 Serial Correlation of Returns with Abnormal Volume 18
4.1 Price Movements on Private Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
4.2 Mean Reversion from Non-Informational Trading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
4.2.1 Reasons for Non-Informational Trading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
4.2.2 Risk-Averse Investors as Market Makers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
4.2.3 Analysis and Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
4.2.4 Theoretical Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
4.2.5 Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
5 Inferring the Hedging Portfolio from Prices and Volume 24
5.1 Definitions and the Economy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
5.2 Two-factor Turnover Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
5.3 Empirical Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
5.3.1 Estimating the Hedging Portfolio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
5.3.2 Forecasting Market Returns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
5.3.3 Comments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
ii CONTENTS
6 An Analysis of Current Data 30
6.1 Testing the Hypotheses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
6.2 Dataset Used . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
6.3 Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
6.4 Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
7 Conclusions 34
A Statistics Review and Overview 35
A.1 Transforms of Random Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
A.1.1 Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
A.1.2 Convolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
A.1.3 Moment-Generating Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
A.2 Hypothesis Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
A.2.1 Central Limit Theorem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
A.2.2 p-Value . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
A.2.3 Law of Large Numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
A.3 t-Statistics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
A.4 Chi-square Tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
A.5 F-tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
A.6 Linear Regressions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
A.6.1 First-Order Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
A.6.2 R2 - The Coefficient of Determination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
A.6.3 Higher-Order Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
A.6.4 F-Test to Determine Significance in Regressions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
B Miscellaneous Details 41
B.1 Hedging Portfolio Forecasts Market Returns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
B.2 Details of Ying’s Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
B.3 Source Code - MixedTraders.m . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42

K.Haputantri

K.Haputantri
Co-Admin

Thanks market bull for sharing.

hunter

hunter
Moderator
Moderator

Looks like lot of mathematics in it. Is it that complicated as it looks?

market bull

market bull
Assistant Vice President - Equity Analytics
Assistant Vice President - Equity Analytics


Yes some sections of the report take a broad discussion about mathematical side.

hunter wrote:Looks like lot of mathematics in it. Is it that complicated as it looks?

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